Yesterday the New York Post reported on an inquiry being conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice's Antitrust Division involving Hamptons real estate brokerages.
Here's subsequent coverage on the New York Times' DealBook blog.
Wednesday, May 19, 2010
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
Google Love
It was recently brought to my attention that when searching the phrase "real estate competition" on Google, this blog organically comes up third, behind the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice. I have to admit that's pretty cool (although probably meaningless).
I see for myself that searching "real competition" brings this blog up in the top slot.
Notwithstanding the love Google is showing us, we don't run ads here. But as a reminder, please feel free to drop me a line if you ever come across a real estate issue or story that you think deserves some electric ink here.
-Michael
I see for myself that searching "real competition" brings this blog up in the top slot.
Notwithstanding the love Google is showing us, we don't run ads here. But as a reminder, please feel free to drop me a line if you ever come across a real estate issue or story that you think deserves some electric ink here.
-Michael
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
6% Commission Litigation - Update on Hyland v. Homeservices of America
Believe it or not, this case, first filed back in 2005 (and first blogged about here in 2007), is still alive and well in Louisville
In support of their claims, plaintiffs point to the terms of franchise agreements between various defendants, anti-rebate regulations, and refusals to deal. “[V]arious Defendants have enforced their price fixing agreement by boycotting price-cutting rivals, such as Help-U-Sell. . . . It is being boycotted because it charges its customers a reduced fixed fee, rather than the standard percentage commission.”
Toward the end of 2008, the court certified plaintiffs’ proposed class:
In support of their claims, plaintiffs point to the terms of franchise agreements between various defendants, anti-rebate regulations, and refusals to deal. “[V]arious Defendants have enforced their price fixing agreement by boycotting price-cutting rivals, such as Help-U-Sell. . . . It is being boycotted because it charges its customers a reduced fixed fee, rather than the standard percentage commission.”
Toward the end of 2008, the court certified plaintiffs’ proposed class:
All persons who paid a commission to Defendants and/or their affiliates listed in Exhibit A (Docket #242) in connection with the sale of residential real estate (excluding initial sales of newly constructed homes) located in the Commonwealth of Kentucky during the period from October 11, 2001 to October 11, 2005. This class excludes governmental entities, Defendants, their parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, and employees of Defendant or their affiliates.
Efforts to resolve the case have so far been fruitless. Mediation efforts in early 2009 failed, and last summer Judge Russell denied (with leave to refile) a tentative settlement of claims against Re/Max International.
The court has scheduled a jury trial in this matter to commence on April 16, 2012 (yep, that’s 2012). Typically these cases settle before trial, and with a trial date nearly two years off, there would seem to be plenty of time to reach a deal. However, for a variety of reasons, I would not rule out the possibility that the parties will proceed to trial.
Tuesday, May 4, 2010
Federal Trade Commission vacates ALJ's Realcomp decision
Remember the Federal Trade Commission's complaint against Realcomp (a southeast Michigan-based multiple listing service)? The complaint alleged, among other things, that Realcomp prohibited information on EA listings (and other forms of nontraditional listings) from being sent from the MLS to public real estate websites (the "Website Policy"). Here's a link to the Commission's administrative docket.
In late 2007 the FTC's Administrative Law Judge issued an initial decision, concluding that, “[d]espite Realcomp’s market power and the implementation of the Website Policy, discount EA brokerage services continue to be widely available in the established relevant market. As such, there is insufficient evidence that consumer welfare has in fact been unduly diminished or otherwise significantly harmed as a result of the challenged policy." As for Realcomp's Search Function Policy, which by default excluded EA and other nontraditional listings from search results, the ALJ found that there had not been a showing that “the nature of the alleged restraint was anticompetitive or unduly hindered consumer choice.”
Fast forward to late 2009. Noting that “an especially important application of antitrust law is to see that incumbent service providers do not use improper means to suppress innovation-driven competition that benefits consumers,” the FTC reversed and vacated the ALJ’s initial decision. “We find that the practices at issue improperly limit consumers’ access to information about the availability of [] lower-priced alternatives, and we conclude that the association’s acts and practices unreasonably restrain trade in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, and Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45.”
I'm not going to delve into the legal standards and analysis contained in the FTC's ruling, but thought I'd highlight some of its most interesting findings and conclusions. As you may know, Realcomp has appealed the decision to a federal appellate court.
Toward the end of 2006, NAR amended its rules to require MLSs to “include all current listings,” including discount listings, in its IDX feeds, meaning EA listings could not be excluded from IDX feeds without violating NAR’s rules. Realcomp objected to the rule, arguing that without the Website Policy, Realcomp would become a public utility. NAR was unconvinced, opining that including EA listings on the IDX feeds would not detract from the purpose of an MLS. Still, in April 2007, Realcomp refused to adopt NAR’s new IDX policy (interestingly, the FTC would later discover, after litigation commenced, that “none of the Realcomp Governors knows why the Board adopted the Website Policy and Search Function Policy.”)
Realcomp's Minimum Service Requirement
This restriction hasn't received a lot of attention, but apparently up until April 2007 Realcomp maintained a Minimum Service Requirement “which compelled brokers to provide full brokerage services in order to have their listing included in data feeds to public websites and the default search setting in the Realcomp MLS, and to gain access through Realcomp to publicly accessible real estate websites.” The FTC found that these requirements "add to and increase the price floor of ERTS listings by setting a minimum level of brokerage services that the listing broker must offer under ERTS listings." Perhaps the repeal of Realcomp's minimum service requirement contributed to Michigan's passage of a (waivable) minimum service bill in 2008? Regardless, this is just the most recent of multiple statements from the FTC regarding the anticompetitive nature of minimum service restrictions.
The FTC summed up its findings regarding the effects of the aforementioned policies:
FTC's Order
Finding Realcomp in violation of the FTC Act and the Sherman Act, the Commission entered an Order “which, among other things, prohibits Realcomp from restricting nontraditional listings from the full range of services which it offers," and incorporates the parties’ stipulation regarding the repeal of Realcomp's Search Function Policy.
In late 2007 the FTC's Administrative Law Judge issued an initial decision, concluding that, “[d]espite Realcomp’s market power and the implementation of the Website Policy, discount EA brokerage services continue to be widely available in the established relevant market. As such, there is insufficient evidence that consumer welfare has in fact been unduly diminished or otherwise significantly harmed as a result of the challenged policy." As for Realcomp's Search Function Policy, which by default excluded EA and other nontraditional listings from search results, the ALJ found that there had not been a showing that “the nature of the alleged restraint was anticompetitive or unduly hindered consumer choice.”
Fast forward to late 2009. Noting that “an especially important application of antitrust law is to see that incumbent service providers do not use improper means to suppress innovation-driven competition that benefits consumers,” the FTC reversed and vacated the ALJ’s initial decision. “We find that the practices at issue improperly limit consumers’ access to information about the availability of [] lower-priced alternatives, and we conclude that the association’s acts and practices unreasonably restrain trade in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, and Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45.”
I'm not going to delve into the legal standards and analysis contained in the FTC's ruling, but thought I'd highlight some of its most interesting findings and conclusions. As you may know, Realcomp has appealed the decision to a federal appellate court.
Realcomp Disregarded National Association of Realtors' Amended IDX Rule
Toward the end of 2006, NAR amended its rules to require MLSs to “include all current listings,” including discount listings, in its IDX feeds, meaning EA listings could not be excluded from IDX feeds without violating NAR’s rules. Realcomp objected to the rule, arguing that without the Website Policy, Realcomp would become a public utility. NAR was unconvinced, opining that including EA listings on the IDX feeds would not detract from the purpose of an MLS. Still, in April 2007, Realcomp refused to adopt NAR’s new IDX policy (interestingly, the FTC would later discover, after litigation commenced, that “none of the Realcomp Governors knows why the Board adopted the Website Policy and Search Function Policy.”)
Realcomp's Minimum Service Requirement
This restriction hasn't received a lot of attention, but apparently up until April 2007 Realcomp maintained a Minimum Service Requirement “which compelled brokers to provide full brokerage services in order to have their listing included in data feeds to public websites and the default search setting in the Realcomp MLS, and to gain access through Realcomp to publicly accessible real estate websites.” The FTC found that these requirements "add to and increase the price floor of ERTS listings by setting a minimum level of brokerage services that the listing broker must offer under ERTS listings." Perhaps the repeal of Realcomp's minimum service requirement contributed to Michigan's passage of a (waivable) minimum service bill in 2008? Regardless, this is just the most recent of multiple statements from the FTC regarding the anticompetitive nature of minimum service restrictions.
Anticompetitive Effects of Realcomp’s Policies
The FTC summed up its findings regarding the effects of the aforementioned policies:
The combined effect of Realcomp’s three Policies was to limit exposure of EA listings to brokers searching the MLS for homes to present to potential buyers, and to consumers searching public websites for homes to purchase. The Search Function Policy operated to suppress EA listings from the MLS’s default search results and thus limit their exposure to brokers. In conjunction with the Minimum Service Requirement, the Search Function Policy also operated to exclude all brokers who did not have full service listings from disclosure on the MLS default setting. In conjunction with the Minimum Service Requirement, the Website Policy excluded brokers without an exclusive right to sell from exposure, through Realcomp, to the general public through publicly available websites such as Realtor.com, MoveInMichigan.com, and broker websites. . . .As a group these Policies improperly constrained competition between discount listings and full-service listings. (italics added)
FTC's Order
Going Forward
As noted above, Realcomp has appealed the FTC’s ruling to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. The parties recently finished briefing the appeal (Realcomp's brief and FTC's brief), and we might see a ruling from the 6th Circuit later this year. Stay tuned.
May 10, 2010 UPDATE: The fact that Realcomp is pursuing an appeal already tells us what it thinks of the FTC's ruling. But in case there was any doubt, note this excerpt from an email Realcomp circulated to its members several day ago: "Realcomp has received word from the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals that our ‘request for partial stay’, which would have allowed us to maintain our current rules until our appeal is heard by the court, has been denied. Unfortunately, this means Realcomp is being required to change its MLS rules regarding Internet advertising and include Exclusive Agency listings in our Internet advertising program." (emphasis added)
May 10, 2010 UPDATE: The fact that Realcomp is pursuing an appeal already tells us what it thinks of the FTC's ruling. But in case there was any doubt, note this excerpt from an email Realcomp circulated to its members several day ago: "Realcomp has received word from the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals that our ‘request for partial stay’, which would have allowed us to maintain our current rules until our appeal is heard by the court, has been denied. Unfortunately, this means Realcomp is being required to change its MLS rules regarding Internet advertising and include Exclusive Agency listings in our Internet advertising program." (emphasis added)
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